{"id":119032,"date":"2024-10-27T18:18:27","date_gmt":"2024-10-27T11:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119032"},"modified":"2024-10-27T18:18:27","modified_gmt":"2024-10-27T11:18:27","slug":"is-brain-volume-a-predictive-factor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119032","title":{"rendered":"Is brain volume a predictive factor?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<figure class=\"css-yhe8zq\"><span class=\"css-rwmw5v\"><span class=\"css-mjp0j9\"><picture class=\"css-16pk1is\"><source srcset=\"https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/10\/Brain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 1190px)\"\/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/10\/Brain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg 750w\" media=\"(min-width: 990px)\"\/><source srcset=\"https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/10\/Brain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg 879w\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/10\/Brain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"multicolored digital illustration of brain\" class=\"css-1jytyml\"\/><\/picture><\/span><hl-share-overlay class=\"css-18moxll\"><a class=\"icon-hl-pinterest css-1vttpbp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\" data-event=\"Any Page|Image Pinterest Click|Icon Clicked\" data-element-event=\"OPEN|CONTENTBLOCK|Any Page|Article Body|BUTTON|Image Widget Pinterest Click|\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2Fparkinsons-adhd-tied-to-genes-that-affect-brain-volume&amp;media=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.post.rvohealth.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2024%2F10%2FBrain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg&amp;description=Parkinson's%2C%20ADHD%3A%20Is%20brain%20volume%20a%20predictive%20factor%3F\" title=\"Share on Pinterest\" data-pin-custom=\"true\" data-share-url=\"https:\/\/media.post.rvohealth.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/10\/Brain-volume-GettyImages-1135835139-Header-1024x575.jpg\"><span class=\"css-8yl26h\">Share on Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/hl-share-overlay><\/span><figcaption class=\"css-1ujcy5k\">What can genes and brain volume tell us about Parkinson\u2019s, ADHD? Image credit: Horacio Villalobos#Corbis\/Corbis via Getty Images.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A genome-wide association study has identified a range of regions of the genome that control the size of subcortical brain structures. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>An international consortium of researchers found they could predict the volume of these structures using polygenic scores they developed using large cohorts from multiple ancestries. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>They also found a link between genes influencing brain volume and Parkinson\u2019s disease and ADHD. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A number of new genetic variants associated with the volume of nine subcortical brain structures were identified in a genome-wide association study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Researchers showed they could predict measurements of parts of the brain using polygenic scores they developed using these variants, which worked across cohorts from different ancestries. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Lead author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qimrberghofer.edu.au\/people\/miguel-e-renteria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">Miguel Renter\u00eda, PhD<\/a> leads the Computational Neurogenomics Lab in the Mental Health &amp; Neuroscience Program at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Herston, Australia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>He told <em>Medical News Today<\/em> that he and his colleagues \u201chave been studying the genetics of brain structure since the <a href=\"https:\/\/enigma.ini.usc.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">ENIGMA Consortium<\/a> was founded in 2009.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cMy team works at the intersection of human genetics and neuroscience, with a focus on how genetic variation shapes individual differences in behaviour, cognition, and mental health,\u201c he explained.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u201cPast research, including from twin studies and ENIGMA collaborators, has shown that brain morphology is moderately heritable and linked to brain-related conditions. Our goal was to map the genetic variants that influence brain structure and examine if these same genes also affect the risk of brain-related disorders,\u201d noted Renter\u00eda.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Subcortical brain volume has been linked to a number of developmental, psychiatric and neurological disorders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>To investigate the role of genetics on subcortical brain volume, researchers looked at the genomes of 74,898 participants of European ancestry, alongside analysis of the volumes of the:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">brainstem<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, the brain\u2019s \u201ccontrol center,\u201d responsible for vital functions including breathing and sleep<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">caudate nucleus<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, playing key roles in movement<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542170\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">putamen<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, linked to learning and language use<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/313295\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">hippocampus<\/a>, involved in learning and memory processes<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557755\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">globus pallidus<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, which regulates proprioception, or the ability to sense where the body is positioned in space<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542184\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">thalamus<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, which processes sensory inputs<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"Nature\" rationale=\"Highly respected journal,Expert written journal,Peer reviewed journal\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-018-03889-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">nucleus accumbens<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, which controls wakefulness<\/li>\n<li><hl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537102\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">amygdala<\/a><\/hl-trusted-source>, involved in emotional regulation, particularly stress and anxiety<\/li>\n<li>and the ventral diencephalon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>All of these measurements were taken from MRI scans. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>They discovered 254 independent loci \u2014 or regions of the genome \u2014 significantly associated with brain volume, and found that these were responsible for about 35% of variance seen between participants, suggesting the rest of the difference seen was due to environmental factors. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Using the genetic variants discovered on these loci they developed a polygenic score, which they could use to predict the volume of different parts of the subcortical brain structures.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>They tested this polygenic score using a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukbiobank.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">UK Biobank<\/a> cohort, and found that it was predictive of volume of subcortical brain structures with and without adjusting for overall intracranial volume, including across people of different ancestries.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>They also found that polygenic scores they calculated could predict the volume of subcortical brain structures in people under the age of 18. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Next, they looked at the interplay between the influence of genes on volume of different subcortical brain structures and neurological and psychiatric conditions. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Parkinson\u2019s disease was correlated with genes linked to intracranial and subcortical brain volumes. ADHD, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/9155\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">insomnia<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/246608\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">neuroticism<\/a> were negatively correlated with genes controlling intracranial volume.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>Conversely, the opposite was found for birth weight, birth head circumference, and height, which was positively correlated with intracranial volume, confirming that height is associated with larger intracranial volume. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<blockquote class=\"is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow css-34gtoi\">\n<p>\u201cWe observed a positive genetic correlation between Parkinson\u2019s disease and eight regional brain volumes, and a negative correlation between ADHD and three brain volumes. It\u2019s important to note that these correlations were independent, and our study participants came from both general population and clinical cohorts, without being specifically enriched for ADHD or Parkinson\u2019s.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cMy theory is that the underlying mechanisms involve genes crucial to brain development, growth, and aging processes,\u201c he suggested.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cWe plan to further investigate to identify the exact biological pathways involved. Understanding these mechanisms could illuminate how brain structure impacts susceptibility to both neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions, potentially guiding future therapeutic strategies,\u201d Renter\u00eda added.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"css-zya54r\"\/><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><span style=\"font-size:0;line-height:0\"\/><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Polygenic scores are calculated using data obtained from the cohort used to predict a phenotype associated with a certain genotype.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>A criticism of them has been that they may not be predictive when used in cohorts of different ancestries to the original cohort used to develop the score. In this study, the polygenic score developed was found to be effective across people of different ancestries. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncoa.org\/adviser\/authors\/brittany-ferri-phd-otr-l\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">Brittany Ferri, PhD<\/a>, an occupational therapist at the National Council on Aging, who was not involved in this research, told <em>MNT<\/em> that polygenic scores \u201ccan be appropriate when based on solid ethical and scientific foundations.\u201c<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>This kind of measurement \u201cleverages genetic information to explore brain structure variations, potentially helping us know more about neurological and psychiatric disorders,\u201c she explained.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cHowever, how accurate and relevant it is should be carefully looked at to make sure the advantages are worth the risks and ethical concerns,\u201c Ferri cautioned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><strong>\u201cOne major limitation is the incomplete capture of genetic factors by polygenic scores. They might miss out on rare genetic variants or the interactions between different genes. These scores do not factor in environmental factors that are important for brain development,\u201d she added.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.providence.org\/doctors\/profile\/203880-clifford-segil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-185ckoq\">Clifford Segil, DO<\/a>, a neurologist at Providence Saint John\u2019s Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, also not involved in the current research, told <em>MNT<\/em> that the results were novel, and needed to be repeated using MRIs on more people. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\u201cGenetic studies note increased risk but no guaranteed bad outcomes. The limitation as a clinical neurologist is if a patient has a \u2018risk factor genetic profile\u2019 what I am supposed to do with this information. I do not have any treatment to increase the size of a subcortical brain structure,\u201d Segil noted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>He went on to emphasize that: \u201cParkinson\u2019s is clearly a disease of subcortical brain structures, which is well established, and this study\u2019s results warrant repeat searching [of] a subcortical brain structure that would cause problems with attention, which is not well established.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><div data-type=\"_mgwidget\" data-widget-id=\"1660802\">\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>(function(w,q){w[q]=w[q]||[];w[q].push([\"_mgc.load\"])})(window,\"_mgq\");\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/parkinsons-adhd-tied-to-genes-that-affect-brain-volume\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Share on PinterestWhat can genes and brain volume tell us about Parkinson\u2019s, ADHD? 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