{"id":119078,"date":"2024-10-27T21:21:22","date_gmt":"2024-10-27T14:21:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119078"},"modified":"2024-10-27T21:21:22","modified_gmt":"2024-10-27T14:21:22","slug":"scientists-one-step-closer-to-finding-trigger-in-brain-for-rem-sleep-sciencealert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119078","title":{"rendered":"Scientists One Step Closer to Finding Trigger in Brain For REM Sleep : ScienceAlert"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Scientists have discovered the neural headquarters for REM sleep \u2013 that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/theta-brainwaves-rem-sleep-associated-recent-waking-memories-emotion-processing\">dreamy brain state<\/a> where the eyes are the only part of the body actively moving.<\/p>\n<p>When this circuit at the top of the brainstem is triggered in mice, researchers can make animals slip into REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, even if they are wide awake to start with.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>If the findings extend to humans, we will be one big step closer to understanding the biology of sleep and why it can go awry.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>The knowledge could <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/brain-waves-can-be-manipulated-while-we-dream-and-it-could-help-treat-dementia\">even help us manipulate REM sleep<\/a> for the better in humans with sleep apnea, narcolepsy, frequent distressing nightmares, or REM disorders, which cause people to act out their dreams with movement or vocalizations \u2013 such as talking in their sleep.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>Mysteries around REM sleep abound, and research is made all the more difficult by the fact that scientists still don&#8217;t know where the control center for REM sleep sits in the brain, or even if there&#8217;s a control center at all.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/current-biology\/fulltext\/S0960-9822(17)31329-5\">For decades now<\/a>, some researchers have <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0024998\">suspected<\/a> that neurons in the mammal brainstem play a critical role in the onset of REM. If the brainstem is cut out of the picture in cats, for instance, proper REM sleep <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature14979\">cannot be generated<\/a> and the animals begin to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/21.7.695\">act out their dreams<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>In humans with known <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8809119\/\">brainstem degeneration<\/a>, like that seen in  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/go\/IYl\" class=\"lar_link lar_link_outgoing\" data-linkid=\"73029\" data-postid=\"141242\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_self\">Parkinson&#8217;s<\/a> disease, REM sleep can be disordered in similar ways.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_141248\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-141248\" style=\"width: 642px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy-642x642.png\" alt=\"Brainstem Anatomy\" width=\"642\" height=\"642\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-141248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy-642x642.png 642w, https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy-415x415.png 415w, https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/images\/2024\/10\/1200px-Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" loading=\"lazy\"\/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-141248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The human brainstem and its parts. (<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Blausen_0114_BrainstemAnatomy.png\">BruceBlaus\/Wikimedia Commons<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Over the years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/current-biology\/fulltext\/S0960-9822(17)31329-5\">further experiments on rodents<\/a> have found evidence it is the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pons\">pons<\/a>, at the top of the brainstem, that is the &#8216;control center&#8217; for the usual loss of muscle tension that limits movement during REM sleep.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>But because the neurons that promote wakefulness in this part of the brain are intermingled with those that promote sleep, pinpointing the exact pathways responsible for this crucial phase of sleep has proved challenging.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>Neuroscientist Mitsuaki Kashiwagi from the University of Tsukuba and the University of Tokyo has now led a team in Japan and France to a cluster of REM-related neurons in the dorsal part of the pons.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>In mice, these neurons express a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CRHBP\">corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein<\/a>, so they are called Crhbp+ neurons.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>These cells project from the pons to neurons in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medulla_oblongata\">medulla oblongata<\/a>, the region of the brainstem just underneath. These are called Nos1+ neurons because they express <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NOS1\">nitric oxide synthase 1<\/a>. NOs1+ neurons then connect back to the Crhbp+ neurons and on to neurons in the forebrain.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>This loop from the pons to the medulla and back again could operate as a core circuit of REM sleep, Kashiwagi and his colleagues argue.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>When the team deleted pons neurons from the positive feedback loop, the mice showed reduced sleep and impaired muscle relaxation during REM sleep.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>When the pons neurons that extend to the medulla were activated, however, mice slipped into REM sleep faster, and the number and length of REM episodes during their sleep increased at the expense of wakefulness.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>In the medulla, Nos1+ neurons strongly promoted REMS, projecting to multiple areas involved in REM activity.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>In fact, activating these neurons in mice caused direct transitions from wakefulness to REM sleep. Even when non-REM sleep came first, it was highly shortened, with the mice slipping into REM sleep faster. Neurons that extend to the forebrain seem to inhibit wakefulness.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>Humans who suffer from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/narcolepsy\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20375497\">narcolepsy<\/a> are known to go from wakefulness straight to REM sleep, but otherwise this jump is highly unusual.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Having established Crhbp as a marker for sleep-regulating neurons, we examined whether these neurons are affected in Parkinson&#8217;s patients with REMS behavior disorder,&#8221; the authors <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(24)00975-9\">explain<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>Sure enough, the team <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(24)00975-9\">found<\/a> Crhbp-immunoreactive neurons are largely reduced in this cohort, &#8220;providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the sleep deficits characterizing this disease.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>In a mouse model of Parkinson&#8217;s disease, the researchers showed activation of Crhbp+ neurons in the pons can reverse the observed sleep abnormalities.<\/p>\n<p><!-- START single\/mrec --><br \/>\n<!-- END single\/mrec --><\/p>\n<p>The next step, Kashiwagi and his colleagues say, is to record the activity of these neurons at a single-cell resolution to figure out what they are really doing, and why.<\/p>\n<p>The study was published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(24)00975-9\"><i>Cell<\/i><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><div data-type=\"_mgwidget\" data-widget-id=\"1660802\">\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>(function(w,q){w[q]=w[q]||[];w[q].push([\"_mgc.load\"])})(window,\"_mgq\");\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/scientists-one-step-closer-to-finding-trigger-in-brain-for-rem-sleep\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists have discovered the neural headquarters for REM sleep \u2013 that dreamy brain state where the eyes are the only part of the body actively moving. When this circuit at &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119078\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-119078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119078","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=119078"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119078\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=119078"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=119078"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=119078"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}