{"id":119524,"date":"2024-10-29T02:28:47","date_gmt":"2024-10-28T19:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119524"},"modified":"2024-10-29T02:28:47","modified_gmt":"2024-10-28T19:28:47","slug":"meet-the-eukaryote-the-first-cell-to-get-organized","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119524","title":{"rendered":"Meet the Eukaryote, the First Cell to Get Organized"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Three billion years ago, life on Earth was simple. Single-celled organisms ruled, and there wasn\u2019t much to them. They were what we now call prokaryotic cells, which include modern-day bacteria and archaea, essentially sacks of loose molecular parts. They swirled together in shallow, primordial brews or near deep-sea ocean vents, where they extracted energy from the environment and reproduced by dividing one cell into two daughter cells. Then, one day, that wilderness of simple cells cooked up something more complex: the ancestor of all plants, animals and fungi alive today, a cell type known to us as the eukaryote.<\/p>\n<p>The eukaryote\u2019s debut transformed the planet. Today, all complex multicellular life \u2014 indeed, all life that any of us regularly see \u2014 is made of eukaryotic cells. No one knows for sure how that first eukaryote arose, but biologists believe that it took at least a billion years of interactions between bacterial and archaeal cells for it to finally come into being.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEukaryotes are this bananas chimera of bacteria and archaea,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geol.ucsb.edu\/people\/researchers\/leigh-anne-riedman\">Leigh Anne Riedman<\/a>, a paleontologist who studies early life at the University of California, Santa Barbara. \u201cWe are still trying to sort out exactly how it happened and who was involved.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The eukaryotes invented organization, if we use the literal definition of \u201corganize\u201d: to be furnished with organs. Inside a eukaryotic cell are self-contained, membrane-bound bundles that perform special functions, called organelles. All eukaryotic cells \u2014 animal, plant, fungus or protist \u2014 have a nucleus that encloses and protects DNA. Nearly all of them have mitochondria, which produce energy to fuel biochemical reactions. (Any eukaryotic lineages that lack mitochondria used to have them and then lost them sometime in evolutionary history.) And across the evolutionary tree, different eukaryotes have evolved or procured additional organelles that assemble proteins, store water, turn sunlight into energy, digest biomolecules, get rid of waste, and more. If prokaryotes are a loose pile of papers on the floor, eukaryotes are a sophisticated filing system that binds pages into packets and labels them.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey\u2019ve got the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, vacuoles \u2014 all this machinery not present in bacteria or archaea cells,\u201d said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wur.nl\/en\/persons\/thijs-ettema-1.htm\">Thijs Ettema<\/a>, an evolutionary microbiologist at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/rethinking-the-ancestry-of-the-eukaryotes-20190409\/\">How this all happened<\/a> isn\u2019t entirely clear, but today, most experts agree that 2 billion or 3 billion years ago, an archaean cell engulfed a bacterial cell, which somehow escaped digestion and adapted to life inside its host. That bacterium evolved to become the organelle we now know as the mitochondrion.<\/p>\n<p>Since that original act, the eukaryote has transformed again and again. It first evolved into a smattering of unique unicellular creatures, such as the ancestors of modern <a href=\"https:\/\/microbewiki.kenyon.edu\/index.php\/Diplomonada\">diplomonads<\/a>, which swim with dual tail clusters, and the parasitic <a href=\"https:\/\/microbewiki.kenyon.edu\/index.php\/Microsporidia\">microsporidians<\/a>, which shoot out coiled tubes to infect victim cells.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script>\nfunction getCookie(name) {\n  let value = \"; \" + document.cookie;\n  var parts = value.split(\"; \" + name + \"=\");\n  if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(\";\").shift();\n}\nif(getCookie('acceptedPolicy')) {\n\/\/ facebook pixel\n!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)\n{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()\n{n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}\n;\nif(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';\nn.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;\nt.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];\ns.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script',\n'https:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_US\/fbevents.js');\nfbq('init', '190747804793608'); \nfbq('track', 'PageView');\n}\n<\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n     data-ad-layout-key=\"-fb+5w+4e-db+86\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3711241968723425\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"7910942971\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><br \/>\n<br \/><div data-type=\"_mgwidget\" data-widget-id=\"1660802\">\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>(function(w,q){w[q]=w[q]||[];w[q].push([\"_mgc.load\"])})(window,\"_mgq\");\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.quantamagazine.org\/meet-the-eukaryote-the-first-cell-to-get-organized-20241028\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Three billion years ago, life on Earth was simple. Single-celled organisms ruled, and there wasn\u2019t much to them. They were what we now call prokaryotic cells, which include modern-day bacteria &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/?p=119524\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8628],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-119524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=119524"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/119524\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=119524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=119524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hotvideos24.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=119524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}